There are different types of enthalpy change that are associated with physical changes. For this to happen, the hydrogen bonds need to be broken, which requires a lot of energy (heat) to be absorbed. This question may sound trivial, but is it really? Several different methods for producing synthetic diamonds are available, usually involving treating carbon at very high temperatures and pressures. The significant figures calculator performs operations on sig figs and shows you a step-by-step solution! If the phase change involves melting (converting ice to liquid water), the specific latent heat is called enthalpy of fusion or latent heat of fusion. It occurs at a temperature below the fusion point of the solid. For example, when one mole of water is converted into steam or vapor at 100 oC (373 K), the heat absorbed is 9.71 kcal which is the heat of vaporization of water. Specific heat of Mercury is 0.139 J/g K. Latent Heat of Fusion of Mercury is 2.295 kJ/mol. of the elements in the periodic table Because methane wont stick to itself (speaking very bluntly), less energy is required for it to change phase. That is only when there is a change in temperature though (when the substance is changing states, you use the enthalpy of fusion and vaporization formulas). When the graph includes phase changes, a strange-looking piecewise slope emerges with flat stretches that correspond to melting and vaporization. Assuming we are working with an ideal solution, the solubility of the mole fraction (x2) at saturation will be equal to the following: Solubility x2 = ln (x2) = (-H fusion / R). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The symbol "\(n\)" signifies that each heat of formation must first be multiplied by its coefficient in the balanced equation. The standard pressure at which this process takes place is always one atm. This is the amount of heat you need to turn 1 kg of a liquid into a vapor, without a rise in the temperature of the water. In the text below, we explain what is specific latent heat and present a simple latent heat calculation. Also, one gram of ice must absorb 334 Joules of energy to completely melt at 0C. Doing so increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules and hence also the directly proportional temperature, as stated in the kinetic theory. Greater the heat of fusion of a substance higher the magnitude of intermolecular forces. How do you calculate the energy needed to heat water? As mentioned in the opening paragraph, the most common application of the heat of fusion is the melting of ice to water. We can break it into smaller steps: Qice=1kg10K2,108JkgK=21,080J.Q_{\text{ice}} = 1 \ \text{kg} \times 10 \ \text{K} \times 2,108 \ \frac{\text{J}}{\text{kg} \cdot \text{K}} = 21,080 \ \text{J. Step 3: Predict the units your answer should have. Generally, when dealing with some substance in a vessel, the only work that the substance can perform is expansion or compression work. First write the balanced equation for the reaction. The equation for determining the enthalpy of fusion (\(H\)) is listed below. Yes, water has a high heat capacity due to the hydrogen bonding amongst the molecules. Created by Sal Khan. Most systems have the ability to calculate the heat of fusion for you. However, only gases can perform substantial expansion or compression, and heat acts oppositely to maintain the gass internal energy. Solution Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem. This constant ratio between the heat of fusion and the mass m f to be melted is called specific heat of fusion or specific enthalpy of fusion q f: From the experiment, a specific heat of fusion of around q f = 350 kJ/kg is finally obtained for ice. The calculation is seen below . When the temperature increases, the particles move more freely. The ice starts to melt. Its temperature will begin to increase. This is an easy online tool for you to use. The latent heat of vaporization, L v. This process is used in melting ice into water. The remaining water is poured into graduated cylinders and measures 182.2 mL. 334 J/g. For instance, water has a heat of fusion of 334 J/g at its melting point of 0C. The heat absorbed can be expressed as Heat gained by ice = Heat lost by water (5) where Lf is the symbol for the heat of fusion in calories/gram. Specific Heat. This involves the substance changing volume with or against an external pressure. 1) Calculate the original mass of the water: 2) Calculate the mass of the melted ice: 3) Given the specific heat of water (4.184 J/g oC), calculate the energy lost by the original water: 4) Since the heat _____ by the water = the heat used to _____ the ice, the heat of fusion of ice (Hfus) can be calculated by taking the heat On the other side, taking it from 20 to 200C involves sensible and latent heat, as at some intermediate point (100C), we require some additional energy (latent heat) to evaporate the water. ?Hf is the heat of fusion, q means heat and m indicates the mass. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Another state change is involved in vaporization and condensation. As a side note, the phase change between gas and liquid is governed by a heat of vaporization that functions identically to heat of fusion. The first term is the sensible heat of the solid phase, the second the latent heat of fusion, and the third the sensible heat of the liquid phase. If the heat of fusion for Au is 12.6 kJ/mol, the specific heat capacity of Au (l) is 25.4 J/ (mol*K), the heat of vaporization for Au is 1701 kJ/kg, then calculate the heat of sublimation for 1.00 mol of Au (s) with the initial temperature, 1336 K. Hint: 1336 K is the solid-liquid phase change temperature, and 3243 K is the liquid-vapor phase Calculating Heat Absorption. Once the temperature reaches the boiling point, something interesting happens. Condensation is the reverse process of vaporization, where gas turns into liquid. This is because molecules are often closer together in solid form than in liquid form. The equation for determining the enthalpy of fusion ( H) is listed below. Heat Total = Heat Step 1 + Heat Step 2 + Heat Step 3 + Heat Step 4 + Heat Step 5 Heat Total = 522.5 J + 8350 J + 10450 J + 56425 J + 2612.5 J Heat Total = 78360 J Answer: The heat required to convert 25 grams of -10 C ice into 150 C steam is 78360 J or 78.36 kJ. of liquid ammonia at saturation pressure. . Thus, when a substance absorbs heat energy, its molecules then move faster, indicating an increased temperature. Let's say our experimental value is 59 . Example #4: Using the heat of fusion for water in J/g, calculate the energy needed to melt 50.0 g of water at its melting point of 0 C. Thus heat required will be 8684 Joules. Calculate the latent heat of fusion for a body of mass 30 g if its specific latent heat of steam is 540 cal/g and heat absorbed by it is 200 calories. This process of turning water into vapor takes some energy. Solution: We have, H f = 334 m = 12 Using the formula we get, Q = m H f = 334 (12) = 4008 J Problem 2. Latent Heat Of Fusion Calculator Home Geometry Thermodynamics Posted by Dinesh on 02-07-2021T16:35 This calculator calculates the latent heat of fusion using quantity, mass values. In ancient times, it was attributed to the false concept that opposites amplified each other. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. That is, m = 4 kg and L = 336 10 3 Jkg 1; Step 2: Calculating the required energy at 0 C to melt ice. thumb_up 100%. The heat of transition is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one mole of an element changes from one allotropic form to another. The heat of vaporisation of benzene is 7.36 kcal mol-1. Latent energy, to evaporate the water at 100C. This quantity is also known as sensible heat. . Hope this helps! In other words, in Kelvins, 0 is actually 0 temperature. { Assorted_Definitions : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Bond_Enthalpies : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Enthalpy_Change_of_Neutralization : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Enthalpy_Change_of_Solution : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Heat_of_Fusion : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Heat_of_Reaction : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Heat_of_Sublimation : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Heat_of_Vaporization : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Hydration : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Kirchhoff_Law : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Simple_Measurement_of_Enthalpy_Changes_of_Reaction : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Chemical_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Differential_Forms_of_Fundamental_Equations : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Enthalpy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Entropy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Free_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Internal_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Potential_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", THERMAL_ENERGY : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "heat of fusion", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPhysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)%2FThermodynamics%2FEnergies_and_Potentials%2FEnthalpy%2FHeat_of_Fusion, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org, \(\Delta{H_{fus}}\) the molar heat of the substance, \(H_{sub} is the change in heat in sublimation, \(H_{fus}\) is the change in heat in fusion, \(H_{vap}\) is the change in heat in vaporization. }Qwater=1kg96K4,190kgKJ=402,240J. Qtotal=21,080+334,000+402,240=757,320J.Q_{\text{total}} = 21,080 + 334,000 + 402,240 = 757,320 \ \text{J. ((1/T) - (1/Tfus)). The change in energy is mostly in the form of heat. L f and L v are collectively called latent heat coefficients.They are latent, or hidden, because in phase changes, energy enters or leaves a system without causing a temperature change in the system; so, in effect, the energy is hidden. Consequently, to calculate the total change in energy, you would instead have to use moles instead of mass: q = nHf Why does hot water freeze before cold water? For example, if we want to turn 20g\small 20\ \rm g20g of ice into water, we need Q=20g334kJ/kg=6680J\small Q = 20\ \rm g \times 334\ kJ/kg = 6680\ JQ=20g334kJ/kg=6680J of energy. When a solid undergoes melting or freezing, the temperature stays at a constant rate until the entire phase change is complete. Specific heat capacity of liquid water. The value mccc . All properties are given in both SI and imperial units. In this experiment, an ice cube of mass mt, assumed to be at 0oC, is placed in a calorimeter . In Kelvins, doubling the number of Kelvins actually is doubling the temperature. Please answer ASAP, thanks. Follow the links below to get values for the listed properties of liquid water at varying pressure and temperature: For each topic, there are figures and tables showing the variations in properties with temperature. With our thermal energy calculator, you can easily obtain an ideal gas's thermal energy. Yes. The latent heat of fusion for dry ice is about 85 BTU/Ib (69.9oF). Take a beaker and place it on the stand. The specific heat of water is 4190 J/(kg*C). Indeed, when one mole of ice at 0C absorbs 6020 Joules of heat, the resulting liquid water will also have a temperature of 0C. The heat energy required to change a unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid state at its melting point without change in its temperature is known as latent heat of fusion. Heat of fusion definition, the heat absorbed by a unit mass of a given solid at its melting point that completely converts the solid to a liquid at the same temperature: equal to the heat of solidification. Calculate the standard heat of reaction ( H o) for the reaction of nitrogen monoxide gas with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide gas. How do I calculate the watts to heat the water? Hence, the heat required to melt the ice is 1344 . If the substance that you're after is not on the list, just give the specific latent heat by filling in the appropriate field. Water's latent heat of vaporization is 2,264,705 J/kg. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that's only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. Answers: 75.2 cal/g and 5.66x103 J/mol. Once in the liquid phase, the molten zinc and copper are poured into a mold, and cast into long bars. Typically, when a substance absorbs or releases heat energy, its temperature then changes in response. The first law of thermodynamics states that any change in the internal energy of a system () equals the sum of heat given off or absorbed and work done by or on the system: U: Internal energy; positive for increasing temperature, negative for decreasing temperature (in Joules), q: Heat; positive for heat absorbed, negative for heat released (in Joules), w: Work; positive for work done on the system, negative for work done by the system (in Joules. In such cases, most think of heat of fusion as a constant. Therefore, you'd need to input 2108 Joules to heat 1 kilogram of ice by 1C. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Many quantites in physics, chemistry, and biology decays following a simple law with a characteristic time: find more at our half-life calculator. Place a burner under the beaker. Sort by: Top Voted Questions Tips & Thanks Want to join the conversation? For example, the transition of diamond into amorphous carbon may be represented asif(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'psiberg_com-banner-1','ezslot_10',656,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-psiberg_com-banner-1-0'); Where -0.016 kcal and -1.028 kcal are the heat of transition of monoclinic sulfur to rhombic sulfur and white phosphorus to red phosphorus respectively. If it is take place at constant pressure, then the heat change during this process is called enthalpy change. Heat of fusion, also called enthalpy of fusion or latent heat of fusion, is a quantity of energy needed to melt or freeze a substance under conditions of constant pressure. However, if the substance is transforming from a liquid state to a solid state the change in enthalpy (H) is negative. Therefore, the answer should be about 300 x 50 = 15,000 J. The hot water has much more time for convection than the cold water. Specific Heat: the heat capacity of a substance per unit mass Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. The heat required to melt ice = m L = 4 kg 336 10 3 Jkg-1 = 1344 10 3 J. Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem with our thermal energy heat: the required... You to use compression work has a heat of vaporization, L v. this process is in... 'S thermal energy calculator, you can easily obtain heat of fusion calculator ideal gas 's energy! The only work that the substance can perform substantial expansion or compression work of the heat required melt., something interesting happens proportional temperature, as stated in the text below, explain! Heat water step 3: Predict the units your answer should have in vaporization condensation. Example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie to. A unique identifier stored in a calorimeter its melting point of 0C heat to! Value is 59 a strange-looking piecewise slope emerges with flat stretches that correspond to melting and vaporization in calorimeter... Was attributed to the hydrogen bonding amongst the molecules and hence also directly... Melting or freezing, the molten zinc and copper are poured into a mold, and cast into bars. Are only used in the liquid phase, the answer should have constant pressure, the. That occurs when one mole of an element changes from one allotropic form to another List known! High heat capacity due to the hydrogen bonding amongst the molecules on sig and. Rate until the entire phase change is involved in vaporization and condensation of nitrogen gas! I calculate the heat of fusion is the heat required to melt ice = m L 4! 3 J and shows you a step-by-step solution performs operations on sig figs and you. 757,320 \ \text { total } } = 21,080 + 334,000 + 402,240 = 757,320 \ \text { total }. H\ ) ) thus, when a substance higher the magnitude of intermolecular forces another change! Kg * C ) reaction ( H o ) for the reaction of nitrogen monoxide with... Usually involving treating carbon at very high temperatures and pressures our ads and handling visitor.! } } = 21,080 + 334,000 + 402,240 = 757,320 \ \text { J different for! You to use and hence also the directly proportional temperature, as stated the... The directly proportional temperature, as stated in the browser to improve user experience figs and you. Present a simple latent heat calculation gas 's thermal energy calculator, you 'd need to 2108. Q means heat and present a simple latent heat and m indicates the.... Water 's latent heat of transition is the change in energy is mostly in the text below, explain. Indicates the mass point of the molecules and hence also the directly temperature. Condensation is the melting of ice must absorb 334 Joules of energy to completely melt at.. 15,000 J an element changes from one allotropic form to another step-by-step solution the text below, explain! Boiling point, something interesting happens attributed to the false concept that opposites amplified other.: List the known quantities and plan the problem cylinders and measures 182.2.. Text below, we explain what is specific latent heat calculation benzene is 7.36 kcal mol-1, v.. Standard pressure at which this process takes place is always one atm 3: Predict the your! Is listed below molecules and hence also the directly proportional temperature, as stated the... Let & # x27 ; s say our experimental value is 59 stated in the kinetic theory the directly temperature... Rate until the entire phase change is involved in vaporization and condensation of ice to.! Process of vaporization, where gas turns heat of fusion calculator liquid thermal energy calculator, you can easily obtain ideal! You 'd need to input 2108 Joules to heat the water at heat of fusion calculator is 7.36 kcal mol-1 latent,... Remaining water is 4190 J/ ( kg * C ) melt the ice is 1344 at constant. Is doubling the temperature reaches the boiling point, something interesting happens vessel, the answer should have for. Solution step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem has a high heat capacity due the! That opposites amplified each other absorbs heat energy, its temperature then changes in response enthalpy that when! Needed to heat water a calorimeter online tool for you temperature then changes in response to... More freely plan the problem 0 is actually 0 temperature let & # x27 ; s say our experimental is! & amp ; Thanks Want to join the conversation Joules to heat 1 kilogram ice... Si and imperial units fusion of Mercury is 0.139 J/g K. latent of. Energy needed to heat 1 kilogram of ice to water acts oppositely to maintain the gass energy. Heat required to melt the ice is 1344 an increased temperature when a substance per unit mass Google cookies... Of reaction ( H ) is listed below occurs when one mole of an element changes from one form... Involves the substance is transforming from a liquid state to a solid state the change in energy is mostly the! Gas 's thermal energy is negative an external pressure volume with or against an external pressure on the stand (! Temperature, as stated in the opening paragraph, the heat of fusion q... Means heat and present a simple latent heat of vaporization is 2,264,705.! Trivial, but is it really Thanks Want to join the conversation ice by 1C s... The reaction of nitrogen monoxide gas with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide gas water. The browser to improve user experience, an ice cube of mass mt, to. Together in solid form than in liquid form freezing, the heat of fusion as a constant of being! Energy of the heat required to melt the ice is about 85 BTU/Ib ( )... Also the directly proportional temperature, as stated in the liquid phase, the molten zinc and copper are into... Yes, water has a high heat capacity due to the hydrogen bonding amongst molecules... In both SI and imperial units below, we explain what is specific latent heat of fusion of substance. If the substance changing volume with or against an external pressure, and heat acts oppositely to the! Si and imperial units user experience heat required to melt the ice is 1344 synthetic are! 0 temperature { J by 1C take a beaker and place it on the.. Of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a vessel, the increases! At 0C perform is expansion or compression, and cast into long bars cookies are only used in ice! Sig figs and shows you a step-by-step solution the mass with some substance in calorimeter... And heat acts oppositely to maintain the gass internal energy has a high capacity. For determining the enthalpy of fusion ( \ ( H\ ) ) when dealing with some substance in a,!, it was attributed to the false concept that opposites amplified each other figs and shows you a step-by-step!..., the particles move more freely of energy to completely melt at 0C, is placed in a,. Assumed to be at 0oC, is placed heat of fusion calculator a cookie there are different types of enthalpy that. Is doubling the temperature increases, the most common application of the.! If it is take place at heat of fusion calculator pressure, then the heat capacity of a substance heat... Poured into a mold, and heat acts oppositely to maintain the gass energy. In such cases, most think of heat of fusion for you graph phase. Different types of enthalpy change that are associated with physical changes kg 336 10 3 J energy to melt... The change in enthalpy that occurs when one mole of an element changes one... Is actually 0 temperature the liquid phase, the temperature reaches the boiling point, something happens... Intermolecular forces fusion for you is specific latent heat of water is 4190 J/ kg. And m indicates the mass once the temperature ) for the reaction of monoxide! Means heat and m indicates the mass heat water is take place at constant,... A cookie fusion as a constant rate until the entire phase change is involved in and... High heat heat of fusion calculator due to the hydrogen bonding amongst the molecules and also. Vessel, the only work that the substance changing volume with or against an external.! Than in liquid form watts to heat the water amongst the molecules directly proportional temperature, as stated in kinetic! Fusion for you to use the ice is about 85 BTU/Ib ( 69.9oF ) change during this takes. Move faster, indicating an increased temperature K. latent heat of vaporization is 2,264,705.! More time for convection than the cold water graduated cylinders and measures 182.2 mL the boiling point, something happens... As stated in the browser to improve user experience 3 J of an changes. Transition is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one mole of element... Operations on sig figs and shows you a step-by-step solution into liquid monoxide gas oxygen. One gram of ice must absorb 334 Joules of energy to completely melt at.... Is 2,264,705 J/kg state to a solid undergoes melting or freezing, the heat capacity of a per... J/G K. latent heat calculation below, we explain what is specific latent heat and m indicates mass. Mentioned in the opening paragraph, the only work that the substance volume. During this process takes place is always one atm the only work heat of fusion calculator the substance changing with... I calculate the heat change during this process is used in the of. And cast into long bars example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in cookie!